Grounding Conductors, NEC 250-91

Material

The material for grounding conductors shall be as specified in (a), (b), and (c) below. 

(a) Grounding Electrode Conductor. 

The grounding electrode conductor shall be of copper, aluminum, or copper-clad aluminum. 

The material selected shall be resistant to any corrosive condition existing at the installation or shall be suitably protected against corrosion.

The conductor shall be solid or stranded, insulated, covered, or bare and shall be installed in one continuous length without a splice or joint. 

Exception No. 1: Splices in busbars shall be permitted.

Exception No. 2: Where a service consists of more than a single enclosure as permitted in Section 230-40, Exception No. 2, it shall be permissible to connect taps to the grounding electrode conductor. Each such tap conductor shall extend to the inside of each such enclosure. The grounding electrode conductor shall be sized in accordance with Section 250-94, but the tap conductors shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with the grounding electrode conductors specified in Section 250-94 for the largest conductor serving the respective enclosures. The tap conductors shall be connected to the grounding electrode conductor in such a manner that the grounding electrode conductor remains without a splice or joint. 

Exception No. 3: It shall be permitted to splice the grounding electrode conductor by means of irreversible compression-type connectors listed for the purpose or by the exothermic welding process. 

(b) Types of Equipment Grounding Conductors. 

The equipment grounding conductor run with or enclosing the circuit conductors shall be one or more or a combination of the following: 

(1) a copper or other corrosion-resistant conductor. This conductor shall be solid or stranded; insulated, covered, or bare; and in the form of a wire or a busbar of any shape; 

(2) rigid metal conduit; 

(3) intermediate metal conduit; 

(4) electrical metallic tubing; 

(5) flexible metal conduit where both the conduit and fittings are listed for grounding;

(6) armor of Type AC cable; 

(7) the copper sheath of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed cable;

(8) the metallic sheath or the combined metallic sheath and grounding conductors of Type MC cable; 

(9) cable trays as permitted in Sections 318-3(c) and 318-7; 

(10) cablebus framework as permitted in Section 365-2(a); 

(11) other electrically continuous metal raceways listed for grounding. 

Exception No. 1: Where circuit conductors contained therein are protected by overcurrent devices rated at 20 amperes or less, flexible metal conduit that is listed as raceway but not listed for grounding and listed flexible metallic tubing and listed liquidtight flexible metal conduit in the 3/8-in. through 1 1/4-in. trade sizes shall be permitted as a grounding means for those circuits if all of the following conditions are met: 

a. The combined length of flexible metal conduit and flexible metallic tubing and liquidtight flexible metal conduit in the same ground return path does not exceed 6 ft (1.83 m).

b. The conduit or tubing is terminated in fittings listed for grounding. 

Exception No. 2: Where circuit conductors contained therein are protected by overcurrent devices rated at more than 20 amperes but not exceeding 60 amperes, listed liquidtight flexible metal conduit in the 3/4-in. through 1 1/4-in. trade sizes shall be permitted as a grounding means for those circuits if all of the following conditions are met: 
a. The total length of listed liquidtight flexible metal conduit in the 3/4-in. through 1 1/4-in. trade sizes in any ground return path does not exceed 6 ft (1.83 m).

b. No flexible metal conduit or flexible metallic tubing, or liquidtight flexible metal conduit in the 3/8-in. and 1/2-in. trade sizes serves as an equipment grounding conductor in the ground return path.

c. The conduit is terminated in fittings listed for grounding. 

(c) Supplementary Grounding. Supplementary grounding electrodes shall be permitted to augment the equipment grounding conductors specified in Section 250-91(b), but the earth shall not be used as the sole equipment grounding conductor.